The effect of the discharged wastewater from Tlemcen’s university hospital on multi-drug resistance bacteria

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Outline:

Figures liste
Tables liste
Abbreviations liste
Introduction
chapter 01: Hospital wastewater
Definition
Hospital wastewater characteristics
physio-chemical characteristics
Heavy metals
Emerging contaminants
Microbiological composition
Pathway of hospital wastewater contaminants into the aquatic ecosystem
The associated hazards with HWW discharge into the aquatic ecosystems
Health risks
Chapter 02 Antibiotic resistance
Introduction to Antibiotic resistance
Basic Mechanisms of Antibiotic Action against Bacterial Cells
History
Resistance categories
Genetic and molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
Genetics of bacterial resistance
Mobile genetic elements
Horizontal gene transfer
Antibiotic molecular resistance mechanisms
Reduction of Bacterial Envelope Permeability
Synthesis of Enzymes which are Able to Destroy or Modify the Drug
Bypass /modification, of Antibiotic Bacterial Targets
Efflux pump system
Biofilm formation
Multi-drug resistance bacteria
Principal isolated multi-drug resistant bacteria
Enterobacteriaecae
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci
MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Acinetobacter spp
chapter 03 : Aquatic Environments as multidrug resistant bacteria reserviors
Antibiotics in natural water surfaces
Metabolic versatility
Prevalence and persistance of ARB and ARGS in freshwater ecosystems
Antibiotic-resistance gene identification tools
Phenotypical detection
Genotypical detection
The most detected ARGS in hospital wastewater and other water bodies
chapter 04: Antibiotic resistance managment in wastewater treatment plants
Treatment strategies
Anaerobic and/or aerobic treatment reactors
Constructed wetlands
Disinfection
Coagulation
Treatment sequences for hospital waste water from different countries
Efficincy of the adopted HWW treatment plants
Conclusion

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