Optimal location of phasor measurement units (PMUs) in power system networks based on meta-heuristic approach

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General Introduction Background Study and Literature Review Introduction Literature Review Mathematical algorithms Integer Programming (IP) Exhaustive Search (ES) Heuristic Algorithms Genetic Algorithm (GA) Tabu Search (TS) Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA) Components of SCADA Advantages of SCADA systems SCADA System Limitations Advantages of synchrophasor over SCADA system Application of WAMS Power System Monitoring Power System Protection Power System control Phasor Measurement units General Structure of Phasor Measurement Unit Synchrophasor Time Synchronization PMU installation process Synchrophasor fundamentals Definitions of frequency and rate of change of frequency ROCOF Main Synchrophaser Evaluation Criteria Total Vector Error (TVE) Frequency and ROCOF Error Frequency Error (FE) Performance class of PMUS PMU Latency Synchrophasor Components Phasor Measurement units Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC) Super Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC) Optimal PMUS placement Factors considered in solving OPP Normal Operating Zero-Injection Bus No PMUS at ZIBS Single PMU Loss Single Line Outage Channels Limits Observability rules for PMUS Observability rules when considering ZIB OPP formulation Radial bus No PMUs at Zero-Injection Buses Single PMU Loss Single Line Outage Both of Single PMU or Line Outage Channels Limits Conclusions References Gravitational search algorithm Introduction The original GSA description The GSA parameters GSA General Remarks Binary gravitational search algorithm Measurement redundancy Fitness Function Conclusion References Results and Discussion Introduction Normal operation Case considering ZIB No PMUs at ZIBS Case considering single PMU loss Case single branch outage Case either single PMU or single line outage Comparison with previous studies Conclusion References Conclusions and Future Work Conclusions Future work

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