Unstitching the Linguistic Cityscape of Tiaret Speech Community A case study of shop signs in Tiaret city centre

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الملخص XI
General Introduction 1
Chapter One: Literature Review 5
1.1 Landscape 5
1.2 The Notion of Linguistic Landscape 7
1.2 Functions of Language 9
1.3 Functions of linguistic landscape 10
1.4 Definition of Signs 11
1.4.1 Types of Signs 13
1.6 Linguistic Landscape Items.14
1.6.1 Documentation of Linguistic Landscape Items 14
1.7 Language and place.16
1.8 Space and Place.18
1.9 Major Contributions in Linguistic Landscape Studies.18
1.10 Variables of Signs 25
1.10.1 Internal Variables of Signs 26
1.10.1.1 Linguistic Landscape Actors 26
1.10.1.2 Code Choice 26
1.10.1.3 Spatial Organization 28
1.10.1.4 Symbolic versus Indexical Meaning 29
1.10.1.5 Non-linguistic Elements 30
1.10.2 External Variables of Linguistic Landscape 31
1.10.2.1 Proper Names in the Linguistic Landscape 31
1.10.2.2 Language Policy and Linguistic Landscape 32
1.10.2.3 Linguistic Landscape: As a Product of Globalization 34
1.11 Conclusion 36
Chapter Two: Sociolinguistic Profile of Algeria 36
2.1 History and Story of Algeria.40
2.1.1 An Overview of Algeria 40
2.1.2 Demography and Social Structure 41
2.1.3 Historical Overview.41
2.1.3.1 Phoenicians in Algeria 42
2.1.3.2 The Roman Era in Algeria (106. BC-430.BC) 42
2.1.3.3 The Arabs’ Arrival 43
2.1.3.4 The Spanish Era in Algeria (1492) 43
2.1.3.5 The Turkish Invasion (1516-1830) 44
2.1.3.6 The French Occupation (1830 – 1962) 44
2.1.3.7 The Post Colonial Era (1962- 2020) 45
2.2 Tiaret: The Current Context 47
2.2.1 Presentation of the Region 47
2.2.2 History of the Region 49
2.3 The Linguistic Situation in Algeria 50
2.3.1 History of the Arabic Language 50
2.3.1.1 Classical Arabic (CA) 51
2.3.1.2 Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) 51
2.3.1.3 Algerian Dialectal Arabic (ADA) 52
2.3.2 Berber Language and its Varieties.53
2.3.3 Foreign Languages in Algeria.53
2.4 The Linguistic Situation in Tiaret 54
2.5 Aspects of Language Contact in Algeria 54
2.5.1 Bilingualism 54
2.5.1.1 Societal Bilingualism and Individual Bilinguality 55
2.5.1.2 Compound, Coordinate, and Subordinate Bilinguals 55
2.5.1.3 Balanced and Dominant Bilinguals 56
2.5.1.4 Early and Late Bilinguals 56
2.5.1.5 Folk and Elite Bilinguals 56
2.5.1.6 Additive and Subtractive Bilinguals 57
2.5.1.7 Bilingualism in Algeria 57
2.5.2 Diglossia 57
2.5.2.1 Diglossia in Algeria 59
2.5.3 Code Switching 60
2.5.3.1 Code Switching in Algeria: 61
2.5.4 Borrowing.61
2.5.4.1 Borrowing in Algeria 62
2.6 Conclusion 62
Chapter Three: Data collection, Analysis and Discussion 65
3.1 Research Design.65
3.1.1 Criteria for the Collection of Signs 65
3.1.2 Target Population 66
3.1.3 Research Approaches and Instruments .68
3.2 Data Collection 69
3.1.4 Gaining Permission 69
3.2.1 The Collection of Shop Signs 70
3.2.2 Semi-guided Interviews with Shopkeepers 72
3.2.3 Questionnaires for Potential Readers 72
3.3 Data Analysis 73
3.3.1 The Analysis of Language Presence on Shop Signs 73
3.3.1.1 Language Frequency 73
3.3.1.2 Signs Typologies 75
3.3.1.3 Language Frequency in Signs Patterns 76
3.3.1.4 Languages in Combination 77
3.3.1.5 Area of Activity.78
3.3.2 The Analysis of Language Choice in the Linguistic Cityscape 80
3.3.2.1 Shopkeepers’ Professional Data 82
3.3.2.2 Factors Influencing Language Choice Process 83
3.3.3 The Analysis of Readers’ Perception towards Linguistic Cityscape .94
3.3.3.1 Sociolinguistic Profile of Informants 95
3.3.3.2 Informants’ attitudes towards Languages used on Shop Signs 97
3.4 Discussion of the Findings 106
3.5 Conclusion 109
Limitations of the Study.110
Further Implications 110
General Conclusion.111
References.114

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